Gun Control Less Government Restrictions - 1863 Words

A New Jersey woman told police of how two men tried to open her front doors of her car at the same time. In the driver seat she reached for her gun, pulled it out and screamed. The two men fled the scene. â€Å"On Feb. 3, 1997 outside a bar in Mexico a female used a gun to stop a man from raping her (Gale 88). A college park woman shot and killed an armed assailant who tried to car-jack her in her van with her 1 year old daughter inside. These and many other examples are of how and when handguns can save your life. Because people need handguns to protect themselves, the government should not place more restriction on them. Gun control laws are getting stricter and stricter as time goes on. The first gun control law was â€Å"passed by Congress†¦show more content†¦Who owns most of these guns? In most us states CCW or concealed carry is legal with permit. Tennessee has a law where permit holders are allowed to carry firearms in â€Å"establishments that serve alcohol (mo re states allowing guns in bars NY times). There are only 8 states that don’t allow guns and alcohol in the same place. (More states allowing guns in bars NY times). The mixture of alcohol and firearms is a dangerous combo. You hear of drunken bar fights. Now imagine a drunken bar fight gone wrong when someone has a gun. The law is legally setting people up to get hurt. A great idea on how guns should be handled is, let’s treat guns like cars through licensing registration and revoking the privilege of Ownership from those who are irresponsible to use them properly. This will began to curve the toll that gun violence has taken.† (Henderson 7). In fact handgun laws should not be made stricter; they are already too strict. At the age of 18 you are a legal adult, you can die in battle and go to jails. However, A person must be 21 years of age and pass a back ground check in order to legally obtain a hand gun. That person can’t buy a gun if they are a felon or have a restraining order. (Henderson 34) Gun control was first brought up in 1933 after the assignation attempt on FDR. The main crack down on guns And gun crime was in high populated areas, and large cities (Henderson 18).Show MoreRelated We Must Have the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesinfringed† (States, 1789). Despite this amendment, gun control still remains one of the most highly-debated issues in the United States. While the Constitution clearly states our right â€Å"to keep and bear Arms†, the gun control lobbyists continue to challenge this right by using the media to convey misleading stories on how guns by themselves are the problem. By contrast, the real issues are not the guns but the people who use them. Therefore guns should not be used as a political patsy to avoidRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control1544 Words   |  7 Pagesthere is a story on the news about gun violence and the discussion comes up about gun control. What is gun control? As defined by Marriam-Webster, gun control is the â€Å"regulation of the selling, owning, and use of guns,† (Marriam , 2017). When is there too much control? How does it affect the law-abiding citizen? These are questions that need to be taken into consideration while taking a position, as gun control effects everyone in the United States of America. Gun control needs to cease due to the factRead More The Right To Own Guns Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pages The Right to Own Guns As American citizens, we have more rights and freedoms than any other group of people in the world. The founders of this country established these freedoms because they had previously lived in countries where the people did not have as many rights. One of these rights is stated in the Second Amendment to the Constitution, which proclaims â€Å"the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† But over the years various laws and regulations have infringed uponRead MoreGun Control And The Rights Issue Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesGun control is a topic that has been discussed for many years now. Increasingly so with all of the mass gun violence that has been occurring recently such as the Orlando and San Bernardino shootings in 2015 and 16. Some view gun control as a crime issue and others view it as a rights issue. Either way, there are people that want more gun control and people that want less gun control. On both sides of the issue, opinions range fr om moderate to extreme. Should we put more restrictions on firearmsRead MoreFirearms and Their Consequences1409 Words   |  6 Pagessuch the world should ask the land that claims to be home of the brave; being the United States of America, what it’s stance is on gun control. Because the land of opportunity can no longer say yes to unrestricted gun sales and no the safety of its innocents; or should only the gun owners dictate the laws in the land of opportunity. America needs to enforce gun restrictions to save the lives of innocent people. To long has it allowed its own civilians to dictate the worth of the life of an innocent.Read MoreGun control1657 Words   |  7 Pages Does gun control reduce crime rate? Abstract Over the past few months, people across the nation have been debating about gun control. Topics ranging from firearm restrictions to background checks have been heavily discussed by both emotion and logic, by both gun supporters and gun control activists, and it seems like there is no middle ground for both parties to agree on. Crime rates influence guns demanded for self-protection, and guns demanded by criminalsRead MoreShould Tighten The Freedom Of Having Firearms?848 Words   |  4 Pagesand immature people getting a hold guns. Mass shootings can occur anywhere at any place and time due to how effortless it is to obtain any sort of firearm. My stance towards limiting future mass shootings would be to have a stricter approach towards firearms even if we have to revamp the 2nd Amendment. We should tighten the freedom of having firearms because of the ease of obtaining guns is making our country more vulnerable to threats and it will lead to less frequent shootings. The problemRead MoreGun Control Is A Topic That Has Created Many Discussions949 Words   |  4 PagesGun control is a topic that has created many discussions in the story to those who can carry them or not since the US is one of the countries where access to all individuals is allowed without the due restrictions. Because of this, every day is more devastating when we hear about a massacre. Unfortunately, America has become in a little time in the country that leads the list of countries where more violent success occurred due to what is happening to our society. America s gun problem is completelyRead MoreThe Debate On Gun Control1712 Words   |  7 Pages This paper explores gun control through five main articles. There are many standpoints that take place due to the diversity of the articles used. Gun control is a global topic and it comes up in the news all of the time. It affects society because of its wide range of topics it is involved in. This paper talks about different standpoints on gun control, from it why it should be in place, to why it shouldn t be in place, to how other countries have used it. It includes statistics about mass shootingsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1163 Words   |  5 PagesWith the wake following the San Bernardino attack and an apparent increase in domestic gun violence and terrorism, the fear of guns and violence associated with them has skyrocketed in recent years. To many, a promising solution to this problem is gun control, essentially placing restrictions and regulations on guns. In some cases this has been proven effective, and instances such as exceptionally dangerous weapons or autom atic weapons it seems a given to ban. However, a ban on conventional weapons

Jimmy Carter And His Foreign Affairs - 1305 Words

On the other extreme is Jimmy Carter, president from 1977 to 1981. Ranked last for both his foreign affairs and his overall presidency, Carter left the Oval Office a very unpopular man. Carter’s sole accolade came from the Camp David Accords of 1978-9. Carter invited Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian prime minister Anwar Sadat to Camp David, the presidential retreat, to work out an agreement. Carter played a major role in the negotiations, mediating a dispute that resulted in a peace treaty, that is still intact to this day. Not only did this agreement lay down a long-held peace between two neighboring countries, but it also solidified U.S. ties in the Middle-East. Carter’s other policies and actions are very different, such as the Torrijos-Carter Treaties. These treaties between Panama and the U.S. granted Panama control over the Canal as of 1999 for almost nothing in response. The conservatives of Americans felt as though Carter had â€Å"given awayà ¢â‚¬  the Canal without receiving anything in return, and this made them believe that our nation was becoming weak under his power. The people’s â€Å"Crisis of Confidence† clearly and accurately portrays the conservative’s opinions during Carter’s presidency. Carter’s biggest failure was indeed the Iranian Hostage Crisis that lasted up until the preceding president’s first day in office. In November 1979, Islamic militants who were supporters of the Ayatollah took-over the American Embassy in Tehran, taking 52 AmericansShow MoreRelatedPresident Jimmy Carters Speech On Foreign Policy916 Words   |  4 PagesPresident Jimmy Carters speech of 1977 advocated for a new direction in foreign policy that emphasized humanitarianism, this new theory was inspired by the ideals of Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Rooselvelt. Nevertheless, his speech is historically significant in that it reflects Carters desire to create new relationships with other nations by using democracy to create a cooperative foreign policy, notably a detente with the Soviet Union. The Afflatus of Others in Carters Agenda According to CarterRead More President Jimmy Carter Essay example1513 Words   |  7 PagesPresident Jimmy Carter The President of Peace Jimmy Carter was born October 1, 1924, in the small farming town of Plains, Georgia, and grew up in the nearby community of Archery. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr., was a farmer and businessman; his mother, Lillian Gordy, a registered nurse. He was educated in the Plains public schools, attended Georgia Southwestern College and the Georgia Institute of Technology, and received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States NavalRead MoreThe Difficult Foreign Policy Issues Faced by Late Twentieth Century Presidents732 Words   |  3 PagesThe 20th century consisted of many difficult and controversial foreign policy decisions. From President Jimmy Carter, elected in 1977, to President Ronald Regan elected in 1981. Carter attempted at peacemaking efforts to help bring stability to the Middle East, but faced the challenge of the Iran Hostage Crisis in 1979. He shaped his foreign policy through integrity, morality, and honest, to bring trust in the government to the American citizens as the previous president, Richard Nixon made the peopleRead MoreThe War Soviet Expansion Of The United States1409 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In 1976, with the election of Georgia governor and Washington outsider Jimmy Carter to the Presidency, the American people could expect that a change was going to come—and they were right. After years of military action attempting to stop Cold War Soviet expansion, first in Vietnam under Presidents Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon, followed by the quick and possibly unnecessary bombing of Cambodia by President Ford in response to seizure of the U.S. freighter Mayaguez (History.com, 2016)Read MoreThe Election Of 1980 : President Jimmy Carter1220 Words   |  5 PagesDemocratic President Jimmy Carter and the governor of California, and former movie star, Ronald Reagan. And the race to the Whitehouse would be filled with lots of talking but little debating, ending in one of the lowest voter turnouts in history, but one of the largest margins of victory in the electoral college. The incumbent of the election of 1980 was James â€Å"Jimmy† Carter. Born October 1, 1924 in Plains Georgia, Carter had a much more traditional route to the presidency than his opponent RonaldRead MoreEssay on The Politics of Jimmy Carter1544 Words   |  7 PagesJimmy Carter 1977-1981 The United States has had several different presidents of which have been in office for 8 years because they have been re-elected by us the citizens. The story of James Earl Carter Jr. or better known as President Jimmy Carter, as every other president the United States has had is different. Jimmy Carter was in office as president of the United States of America for four years only. He was president from 1977 through 1981; during this time period many different event occurredRead MorePresidency of James Carter Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesPresident James Earl â€Å"Jimmy† Carter, Jr. was our 39th president. He served one term from 1977 to 1981 (Freidel). Before presidency, he attempted to build his political resume. His platform on which he ran gave him popularity. While in office President Carter held many accomplishments and failures. One reason being his relationship with the vice president and cabinet. His public persona was an important factor to be considered for reele ction. There were various events that occurred during his presidency andRead MoreThe United States And The Middle East1245 Words   |  5 Pagesmuch of the United States’ history, affairs in the Middle East have been an important focus. A more recent example is President Barack Obama attempting to deal with the terrorist organization, ISIS, because they are threatening the security of American allies. In the past, multiple other presidents have intervened in Middle Eastern affairs because they believe that doing so would be in the best interest of the United States. The importance of Middle Eastern affairs to the United States during the 1960sRead More Carters loss of popularity Essay2202 Words   |  9 Pagesof the American people. With inflation rapidly rising, Nixon soon became unfavorable, and with the controversy surrounding his actions concerning the Watergate Crisis, he was impeached and forced to resign. His Vice President, Gerald R. Ford, soon took his place in the White House. However, Ford was unable to handle the crippling events taking place in the United States; his approval dropped drastically within months, and like Nixon he lost support of the American people. When the 1976 presidentialRead MoreThe Effects of the Iranian Hostage Crisis1117 Words   |  5 Pagesplace during President Jimmy Carter’s term. The crisis, beginning in November of 1979, received the most coverage of any major event since World War II. It was one of many problems faced in light of the United State’s complex relationship with Iran. The effects on both the US and Iran were astronomical, especially politically as well as economically and socially. It took a heavy toll on American relations with the Middle East and changed the way we engage in foreign affairs. In light of this crisis

Unfair Contracts And The Consumer Law

Question: Discuss about the Unfair Contracts And The Consumer Law. Answrer: Introduction: The Treasury Legislation Amendment (Small Business and Unfair Contract Terms) Act 2015 will take effect from 12th November 2016 and this law make number of important changes to the ACL. The purpose of this Act is to extend the scope of provisions related to consumer protection to small businesses. Provisions of this law are previously applicable to individual consumers only. In this paper we answer the following questions: Whatis unfair contract term under the new lawandwhenwillit apply? What is the legal effect if a court decides a contract term is unfair? Explain the doctrine of freedom of contract and conflict between unfair contract terms and this doctrine? Explain the relationship between legislation and common law and which prevails? At last, we conclude the essay with brief conclusion. Unfair contract terms: Meaning and applicability of unfair contract terms: In Australia, government introduced new legislation which deals with terms of unfair contract and covers small businesses. This new law is applicable from 12th November 2016, and the main purpose of this legislation is to extend the scope of Australian consumer Law. Any kind of unfair term will be void in standard form of contracts of small businesses which entered, varied or renewed after 12th November 2016. The law was amended and now also applicable on unfair contract entered in small businesses[1]. This law is applicable on standard form of contracts which are entered, varied or renewed after 12/09/ 2016 in following type of contracts: Any contract for supply of goods or services, for sale or for grant of an interest in land. In contract it is necessary that one party of the contract must conduct small business. It is necessary that upfront price of the contract is not more than $300 000 and in case contract is entered for more than 1 month than $ 1 million. In case, terms of the standard form contract is changed on or after 12th November 2016, then this law is applicable only on varied terms of the contract not on complete contract. In standard form of contract only one party of the contract prepared the contract and second party of the contract does not receive any opportunity to prepare the contract or varied the terms of the contract and such contract is offered on take it or leave it basis[2]. Following are the examples of unfair terms that are set out by law, and these unfair terms include: Any term through which one party can limit or avoid their obligations under the contract, but other party cannot avoid or limit their obligation. Any term which impose penalty on one party in case of breach or termination of contract, but does not impose any penalty on other party for same reason. Any term which enable one party to change the provisions of the contract, but this opportunity is not available to the other party. There are some contracts and terms also which are not considered unfair under this new legislation: Following are the excluded contracts: Those contracts which are entered before 12th November 2016, unless those contracts are renewed on or after this date. Companys constitution, investment schemes which are managed. Types of insurance contracts. Contracts which are exempted by the minister. Following are the Excluded terms: Provision of contract that states the subject matter of the contract and those terms which state upfront price payable. Those terms which are allowed by the commonwealth law. Legal effect of unfair contract term: Term is unfair or not can only be decided by the court or tribunal (not ACCC), and any term which state upfront price payable of the contract are not fall in unfair terms ambit. Those terms are void which are find by court and tribunal unfair I the contract. Any unfair term is not binding on the parties to the contract, but remaining contract is binding on the parties to the extent contract can operate without that unfair term[3]. Court consider following factors in determining whether or not provisions of contract are unfair: Court considers the complete contract. Whether term is transparent or not. If terms of standard form of contract is not transparent then it will create fluctuations in the rights and liabilities of parties to the contract. On the basis of following factors court consider the transparency of any term: Whether term is expressed in simple language or not. Whether term is presented in clear form Whether term is legible. Only court has discretion to decide whether term is transparent or not[4]. Doctrine of freedom of contract: Law always respects the doctrine of freedom of contract, and this doctrine allows the parties to choose those terms and conditions which regulate the relationship of the parties. These doctrines states that parties to the contract have right to legally bind them, and it is concept which is judicial in nature. Provisions of the contract are choosing on mutual agreement and free choice. Therefore, such contracts are not get affected by any external factors such as government restrictions. This doctrine supports the concept that individuals are able to create their relations through private agreements. The doctrine of freedom of contract states two concepts which are connected closely but also has different traits, and following are the concepts: These types of contracts are based on the mutual agreement of the parties. The contract is created on the free choice of the parties, and they are not affected by the external contracts such as government restrictions[5]. There are number of problems which are derived from the concept of this doctrine that states that all the terms in the contract are result of choice of the parties to choose the terms of the contract. Unfortunately, in these types of contract the bargaining power is not even, and one party state the terms of its choice and other party is forced to accept those terms. The term freedom of contract is not real in case when parties to the contract have uneven power of bargain[6]. There are number of small firms which are professional and even these firms are also not operate in those competitive markets where contracts are formed on the basis of accept it or leave it[7]. Traditional contract theory is based on assumption that people have freedom of contract. It is on the discretion of people to structure the terms of contract. In case person chooses poor terms then it is his choice and he has to face consequences of that choice. There is no relief for poor choice, and we can understand this with the help of case law that is Jessel MR in Printing and Numerical Registering Co v Sampson[8][9]. Relation between Common Law and unfair terms law: In Australia, unfair contract terms provide a concise, timely and comprehensive overview of the new legislation Unfair Contract Terms Law in both the Acts that is Australian Consumer Law and the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001. Court can consider whether terms in the contract are fair or not, and this is the major departure from the pre existed law which is related to non statutory doctrine of unconscionability and also with the statutory provisions related to unconscionability[10]. The major weakness of existing law is the intention behind the existing law is different but application of these laws in substantive cases and may be cause some unfairness. Therefore, in this context we can say it is totally the discretion of the court whether they consider the term unfair, and which law prevail common law or unfair contract terms. Conclusion: In this report, we discuss the new legislation issued by the Australian government on 12th November 2016 and named as unfair contract terms. In this we first discus the applicability of unfair contract terms and these contracts are applicable on standard form of contract in small business. This act extends the scope of ACL. Next we state that any term which is unfair in the contract is void, but remaining contract is valid between parties. We state the freedom of contract doctrine and the conflict between this doctrine and unfair contract term, and in last a brief section on relationship between common law and unfair contract terms. References Australian Competition Consumer Commission 2016, Unfair contract terms, Australian Competition Consumer Commission, retrieved 9 September 2016 https://www.accc.gov.au/business/business-rights-protections/unfair-contract-terms. Australian Consumer Law 2016, Unfair contract terms, Australian Consumer Law, retrieved 9 September 2016 https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Unfair%20contract%20terms%20-%20A%20guide%20for%20businesses%20and%20legal%20practitioners.pdf. Bant, E, Statute And Common Law: Interaction And Influence In Light Of The Principle Of Coherence,University of New South Wales Law Journal, vol. 13 Carter Newell Lawyers 2016, Small business unfair contract laws commence, Carter Newell Lawyers, retrieved 9 September 2016 https://www.carternewell.com/page/Publications/2016/Small_business_unfair_contract_laws_commence_on_12_November_2016/. Consult Australia 2012, Australian Contract Law, Consult Australia, retrieved 9 September 2016 https://www.consultaustralia.com.au/docs/default-source/contracts-liability/Consult_Australia_Response_to_AGD_Discussion_Paper_on_Contract_Law_-_July_2012.pdf?sfvrsn=0. Gray, A 2009, Unfair Contracts And The Consumer Law Bill, Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal, vol. 9, no.2, pp. 155-175. Hibbert, B 2016 New Unfair Contract Law Starts, 12 November, retrieved 9 September 2016 https://www.wisewoulds.com.au/publications/new-unfair-contract-law-starts-12-november-2016. Law Teacher 2016, The Doctrine Of Freedom Of Contract, Law Teacher, retrieved 9 September 2016 ttp://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/the-doctrine-of-freedom-of-contract.php. Paterson, J 2009, The Australian Unfair Contract Terms Law: The Rise Of Substantive Unfairness As A Ground For Review Of Standard Form Consumer Contracts, Melbourne University Law review, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 934-956. Sims, A 2013, Unfair Contract Terms: A New Dawn In Australia And New Zealand, Monash University law Review, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 739-775. Hibbert, B 2016 New Unfair Contract Law Starts, 12 November, retrieved 9 September 2016 https://www.wisewoulds.com.au/publications/new-unfair-contract-law-starts-12-november-2016. Australian Competition Consumer Commission 2016, Unfair contract terms, Australian Competition Consumer Commission, retrieved 9 September 2016 https://www.accc.gov.au/business/business-rights-protections/unfair-contract-terms. Carter Newell Lawyers 2016, Small business unfair contract laws commence, Carter Newell Lawyers, retrieved 9 September 2016 https://www.carternewell.com/page/Publications/2016/Small_business_unfair_contract_laws_commence_on_12_November_2016/.

The secret life of walter mitty free essay sample

â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† is a story about an individual that constantly seems to be caught up in numerous daydreams and thoughts that have nothing to do with everyday matters. James Thurber treats Mitty’s actions very entertaining, and at the same time his humor catches our attention to the need of communication and the importance of human relationships. In marriage relationships is critical that we know how to communicate. Imagination is the human power that shapes artistic expression; it enables a writer’s work to become an expression of meaning in our world, allow readers to engage in identifying with what the writer’s work has to say about things that matter (Clugston, 2010). Imagination is your sensation, and your ability to picture and dream about settings, people, or places in your mind. In this particular story â€Å"The Secret Life of Water Mitty†, imagination played a huge role and mainly showed the importance for communication in marital relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on The secret life of walter mitty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mr. Mitty is a character who fills his mind with crazy fantasies, in which he always play the super hero role, save lives, and makes sound decisions. Mr. Mitty uses the daydreams of exciting adventure to escape from his boring life with his wife. She is so boring to the point she is afraid to drive over the speed limit. Thurber’s amusing depictions of Walter Mitty’s issues allow people to connect with the person in our lives who constantly daydream and once again live with everyday matters. Mrs. Mitty is Walter’s controlling wife. She is always harassing him about putting on his gloves while driving, buying overshoes, and to slow down. In the story Walter’s wife was wondering why he didn’t put in his shoes. At this moment in time he was getting aggravated. Even though in this story it may seem his wife his somewhat dominating. Walter is lacking the ability and rejects the responsibility of being an adult. Honestly in this short story she prevents any type of accidents and helps Mr. Mitty focus on everyday life in general. Mr. Mitty is a daydreamer who constantly imagines himself as a big hero with his fantasies as commander in the navy, a surgeon, accused witness, bomber pilot, and a victim of a firing squad. Walter is married to a woman who actually treats him like a child than a husband. This is due to his childish ways and the crazy fantasies rather than live a normal life in the real world. He is continuously getting scolded by parking lot attendants, policeman, and his wife for his sidetracked behavior. James Thurber characterizes this man whose wife who basically controls him, who lives and daydreams all the time has became an ineffectual and lazy male figure in American culture. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty tells a story of an older man who goes on numerous trips into town with his harassing wife, Mrs. Mitty. Mr. Mitty is very incompetent with many things; he’s an absent minded driver, and he can’t fix simple mechanical issues, and has a horrible memory. While Walter goes through a day of ordinary tasks and errands, he escapes into a series of romantic fantasies, each spurred on by some mundane reality. As he drives his car, he imagines he is commanding a Navy hydroplane through a terrible storm (1). When he rides past a hospital, he imagines he is a world-famous surgeon saving a VIPs life. When he hears a newsboy shouting about a trial, he imagines he is a crack shot being interrogated in the courtroom. As he waits for his wife to finish at the hairdressers, Walter sees pictures of German plane and imagines he is a British pilot willing to sacrifice his life for his country. Lastly, as Mitty waits outside against a wall for his wife to buy something in a drugstore, he fantasizes that he is a bold and brave man about to be shot by a firing squad. The story ends with the inscrutable Walter Mitty awaiting this romantic death. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† reveals a marriage in which his wife is dominating, controlling, mean, bossy, and definitely wears the pants Walter is a humble, passive, and will not say anything to his wife about how he actually feels. A point of view that stood out to me the most was how James Thurber, gives the impression that Mrs. Mitty is a sexist individual. It’s a strong possibility that he is saying all women are bossy and unloving at times. Form: Third Person Omnscient The Secret of Walter Mitty is told by an uninvolved third person narrator. In the story they are just following Walter Mitty on his everyday duties and see only what he actually sees or continue to do. Even though the point of view is in third person, Walters’s character widens the influence in the narration. Plot: The short story deals with a vague and mild-mannered man who drives into Waterbury, Connecticut with his wife for their regular weekly shopping and his wifes visit to the beauty parlor. During this time he has five heroic daydream episodes. The first is as a pilot of a U. S. Navy flying boat in a storm, then he is a magnificent surgeon performing a one-of-a-kind surgery, then as a deadly assassin testifying in a courtroom, and then as a Royal Air Force pilot volunteering for a daring, secret suicide mission to bomb an ammunition dump. As the story ends, Mitty imagines himself facing a firing squad, inscrutable to the last. Each of the fantasies is inspired by some detail of Mittys mundane surroundings:

Health Care Expenditure Essay

Health Care Expenditure Essay Health Care Expenditure Essay Health Care Spending in the United States Josephine Nelson University of Phoenix HCS 440 Instructor: Dr. Vernita Davis The United States spends more on health care per person than any other country in the world (Allen, 2014). Also, the United States spends more of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on health care than other countries (Allen, 2014). Advancing technology, the state of the US economy, and the goal of providing quality health care are the major factors that contribute to such high health care spending in the United States. Needless to say, health care spending in the United States is a growing concern that needs to be addressed in order for the country to thrive. Current National Health Care Spending In 2013 and 2014, the driving factors of health care spending was the aging population, the Affordable Care Act and the slow growth of the economy (CMS, 2012). Health care spending growth for 2013 was just under 4% (CMS, 2012). The aging population is larger and are also living longer. This means more people on Medicare than ever before. In 2013 there was slow economic growth due to the fiscal cliff and the high unemployment rates. In 2014, the economy is beginning to grow at a faster pace. The continued implementation of the Affordable Care Act is already beginning to have a positive impact on the economy. In 2014, several insurance plans have become available to people who were unable to become insured, and more affordable health insurance plans are now offered. This is resulting in reducing the number of uninsured in the US. Although there are now more people accessing medical care because they are insured, health care providers are now receiving more reimbursements from sources w hich were not available before (CMS, 2014). As aforementioned, health care spending represents 17% of GDP for the United States compared to eight to ten percent for other countries (Allen, 2014). CMS projects health care spending in the US to reach 19.9% by 2022 (CMS, 2014). In addition to spending the most on health care, the US also has the highest growth rate of health care spending amongst other countries. Lastly, another concern is that despite health care spending in the US, health outcomes for the US are lower than other countries. It is important that the US finds ways to reduce health care spending in order to continue to thrive as a country. If the US does not find ways to lower health care expenditures, America can be forced into another recession. When thinking about ways to cut health care spending, it is important to consider that there are several stakeholders in health care. There are consumers, the government, health care providers, and health insurers who are affected by health care spending. There may be several different solutions to cut health care spending, but very few solutions that will satisfy all of the stakeholders. However, some solutions for lowering health care spending in the US are: coordination of care, incentives for better care, transparency, and monitoring the cost-effectiveness of new technologies. Forecast of the Nation’s Health Care System There are still many Americans with insurance that do not have a primary care physician. Having a primary care physician helps coordinate care for an individual. Coordination of care eliminates unnecessary duplication of procedures and expensive tests and avoidable costly emergency room visits (Community Catalyst, 2008). Coordination of care could consist of helping implement a disease management program for individuals with choric diseases. It may also include expanding electronic medical records which prevents duplication of care (Community Catalyst, 2008). Offering incentives for quality care could also help cut health care spending. Currently, providers get paid based on the quantity of care provided, even if the care provided is not of good quality or cost-effective. Medicare has recently implemented a program that withholds payments for costs

Definition and Examples of Cause and Effect in Essays

Definition and Examples of Cause and Effect in Essays Definition In composition, cause and effect is a method of paragraph or essay development in which a writer analyzes the reasons for- and/or the consequences of- an action, event, or decision. A cause-and-effect paragraph or essay can be organized in various ways. For instance, causes and/or effects  can be arranged in either chronological order or reverse chronological order. Alternatively, points can be presented in terms of emphasis, from least important to most important, or vice versa. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: 50 Essay Topics: Cause EffectAffect and EffectArgumentationGamblers FallacyPost Hoc FallacySentence Combining Exercise #7: Out of the Ice Age Sentence Combining Exercise #8: How Teachers Make Children Hate Reading Examples of Cause Effect Paragraphs and Essays Cause and Effect in The Dream Animal by Loren EiseleyCause and Effect in Stephen Kings Horror MoviesChanges by Peter MatthiessenCorn-Pone Opinions by Mark TwainThe Decay of Friendship by Samuel JohnsonThe Hurricane by John James Audubon Learning to Hate Mathematics: A Cause Effect Essay Examples and Observations If you prove the cause, you at once prove the effect; and conversely nothing can exist without its cause.(Aristotle, Rhetoric) Immediate Causes and Ultimate CausesDetermining causes and effects is usually thought-provoking and quite complex. One reason for this is that there are two types of causes: immediate causes, which are readily apparent because they are closest to the effect, and ultimate causes, which, being somewhat removed, are not so apparent and may perhaps even be hidden. Furthermore, ultimate causes may bring about effects which themselves become immediate causes, thus creating a causal chain. For example, consider the following causal chain: Sally, a computer salesperson, prepared extensively for a meeting with a client (ultimate cause), impressed the client (immediate cause), and made a very large sale (effect). The chain did not stop there: the large sale caused her to be promoted by her employer (effect).(Alfred Rosa and Paul Eschholz, Models for Writers, 6th ed. St . Martins Press, 1998) Composing a Cause/Effect EssayFor all its conceptual complexity, a cause/effect essay can be organized quite simply. The introduction generally presents the subject(s) and states the purpose of the analysis in a clear thesis. The body of the paper then explores all relevant causes and/or effects, typically progressing from least to most influential or from most to least influential. Finally, the concluding section summarizes the various cause/effect relationships established in the body of the paper and clearly states the conclusions that can be drawn from those relationships.(Kim Flachmann, Michael Flachmann, Kathryn Benander, and Cheryl Smith, The Brief Prose Reader. Prentice Hall, 2003) Causes of Child ObesityMany of todays kids are engaged in sedentary pursuits made possible by a level of technology unthinkable as recently as 25 to 30 years ago. Computer, video, and other virtual games, the ready availability of feature films and games on DVD, plus high-tech advancements in musi c-listening technology have come down into the range of affordability for parents and even for the kids themselves. These passive pursuits have produced a downside of reduced physical activity for the kids, often with the explicit or implicit consent of the parents. . . .Other fairly recent developments have also contributed to the alarming rise in child obesity rates. Fast food outlets offering consumables that are both low in price and low in nutritional content have exploded all over the American landscape since the 1960s, especially in suburban areas close to major highway interchanges. Kids on their lunch breaks or after school often congregate in these fast food outlets, consuming food and soft drinks that are high in sugar, carbohydrates, and fat. Many parents, themselves, frequently take their children to these fast food places, thus setting an example the kids can find justification to emulate.(MacKie Shilstone, Mackie Shilstones Body Plan for Kids. Basic Health Publication s, 2009) Cause and Effect in Jonathan Swifts A Modest ProposalA Modest Proposal is a brilliant example of the use of non-argumentative devices of rhetorical persuasion. The whole essay, of course, rests broadly upon the argument of cause and effect: these causes have produced this situation in Ireland, and this proposal will result in these effects in Ireland. But Swift, within the general framework of this argument, does not employ specific argumentative forms in this essay. The projector chooses rather to assert his reasons and then to amass them by way of proof.(Charles A. Beaumont, Swifts Classical Rhetoric. Univ. of Georgia Press, 1961) Effects of AutomobilesI worry about the private automobile. It is a dirty, noisy, wasteful, and lonely means of travel. It pollutes the air, ruins the safety and sociability of the street, and exercises upon the individual a discipline which takes away far more freedom than it gives him. It causes an enormous amount of land to be unnecessarily abstracted from nature and from plant life and to become devoid of any natural function. It explodes cities, grievously impairs the whole institution of neighborliness, fragmentizes and destroys communities. It has already spelled the end of our cities as real cultural and social communities, and has made impossible the construction of any others in their place. Together with the airplane, it has crowded out other, more civilized and more convenient means of transport, leaving older people, infirm people, poor people and children in a worse situation than they were a hundred years ago.(George F. Kennan, Democracy and the Student Left, 1968) Examples and Effects of EntropyBecause of its unnerving irreversibility, entropy has been called the arrow of time. We all understand this instinctively. Childrens rooms, left on their own, tend to get messy, not neat. Wood rots, metal rusts, people wrinkle and flowers wither. Even mountains wear down; even the nuclei of atoms decay. In the city we see entropy in the rundown subways and worn-out sidewalks and torn-down buildings, in the increasing disorder of our lives. We know, without asking, what is old. If we were suddenly to see the paint jump back on an old building, we would know that something was wrong. If we saw an egg unscramble itself and jump back into its shell, we would laugh in the same way we laugh as a movie run backward.(K.C. Cole, The Arrow of Time. The New York Times, March 18, 1982)

Managing information risk and security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Managing information risk and security - Essay Example Information technology and systems have provided companies and organization such exceptional innovation in data and information management deemed essential for organizational capacity development and corporate business strategizing. However, as much as it has fared sophistication in this knowledge-based economy, organizations have likewise put up imperative measures to safeguard critical IS assets from system abuse and misuse by constantly upgrading and installing firewalls, anti-virus, use of encryption keys, protectors, use of comprehensive monitoring system, and of scaling control from access. IT-based corporation has also made it as standard policy to restrict employees from breaching organizational rules and requirements in the use of information systems and security policy (ISSP) to ascertain that their behaviours are also aligned on the need to secure company’s database. This paper will qualitatively discuss the importance of managing information risk and security using peer-reviewed journals and books from online sources. Researcher will attempt to bridge the theoretical constructs to advance the need of improving security management control to attain, prevent and protect internet systems from security threats and from cyber-criminalities. Recent research pertaining to internet study depicted information of data theft and establishment of malicious code to steal confidential information (Symantec Corporation, 2007). Most of these breached in the system were undertaken with gross negligence of employees in safekeeping the system. Computers and servers left open and accessible to those who have variant interests may make use of data base and information for negative actions. As IT has influenced business and government system in discharging their functions, the risks too doubled with the increasing number of hackers and cyber criminals. Cybercriminals refer to those web-based activities that include illegally downloading music files, stealing of mi llions of money from bank accounts, creating and distribution of viruses on other computers, and posting confidential information on internet, including sex videos that are illegally taped. The most modern form of cybercrime is identity theft where criminals use personal information from other users, including pictures. This is known technically as phishing  and  pharming (Techterms, 2013, p. 1). Criminals use others information to attract other users to fake websites appearing to be legitimate and where personal information are asked, such the use of usernames and passwords, phone numbers, addresses, credit card numbers, bank account numbers, and other information criminals can use to "steal" another person's identity (Techterms, 2013, p. 1). Many of this information are circulated on emailing system, thus, thousands are victimized and were unfortunately advantaged by those who are unscrupulous in using technology (Techterms, 2013, p. 1). Easy preys are those people with comput ers lacking antivirus and are bereft of spyware blocking software (Techterms, 2013, p. 1). Cases of Cybercrimes Some of the cybercrimes are also undertaken to embarrass governments due to resource-based conflicts with other nations. In effects, a number of government websites are defaced by group of hackers to embarrass the IT security management of the state and to

The Legal Perspective based on the film inside job Essay

The Legal Perspective based on the film inside job - Essay Example One legal aspect that was clearly brought out in the movie is the issue of fiduciary duty. Fiduciary duty is a legal obligation that one party, in this case, referred to as the fiduciary, act solely on another party’s called, the principal, interests. In the Inside Job, the representatives of Goldman Sachs violated this fiduciary duty by selling collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) that were of doubted quality to their clients (Ferguson and Beck, 2010). The selling of these collateralized debt obligations to client meant that the financial institutions dealing with them was transferring the repayment risks to investors and other clients who purchased them. According to Ferguson and Beck (2010), the financial institutions dealing with these collateral debts obligations won’t be affected in case the collateral debts obligation market collapsed. The borrowers’ credit worthiness did not mean a thing to the financial institutions that lend out collateral debt obligations. Since the investment banks knew of the impending risks in dealing with the collateral debt obligations, they had to part with hundreds of millions to credit rating firms such as Fitch, Moody’s and S&P in order for them to give the credits triple-A credit ratings. However, these rating firms when confronted about their rating, they said that those were only opinions and no one was to rely on them. From these strategies of selling risky collateral debt obligations during the financial downturn, some financial institutions ended up gaining and making millions from these situations. These include the Morgan Stanley and the Goldman Sachs. Fiduciary duties from the above issues in the Inside Job have been breached. The fiduciary duties involve different elements. These include first acting in utmost good faith. The second element is to put the client’s interests first in all actions. The next element was to put all material and

Los Angeles sky-rocketing Essay Example for Free

Los Angeles sky-rocketing Essay A1. The existence of poverty is not directly related to the amount of natural resources a country owns or not. Poverty, in today’s world greatly depends on the ability to exploit those natural resources. Countries in South America are blessed with significant amounts of natural resources. Yet, when one travels to these places, it is amazing to see the amount of poverty that still prevails there. The question of the existence of poverty when there are enough natural resources to eradicate them is a natural instinct from the human mind. But it should be remembered that economic welfare and growth and development all depend to a great extent on the human capital available to tap in those resources. It is not possible for a country to remove poverty on the basis of natural resources if there are not enough skilled workers or entrepreneurs willing to take the risk of exploiting these resources. Equally important is government support and willingness to explore these natural resources. It should also be remembered that despite the availability of natural resources some countries cannot get rid of the poverty crisis due to there being not enough initiatives form the government and people within these countries owing to the prevailing economic conditions of these countries. A2. The lowering of interest rates by the U. S. Fed resulted in a lot of dollars floating around in peoples pockets. These had to be invested somewhere: this led to the demand for homes in Los Angeles sky-rocketing. However, this surge in demand saw a surge in home prices by an average of 250%. (How Low will Los Angeles Home Prices Go? ) Buyers cannot keep up pace with the high increases in house prices for so long. The supply of homes in Los Angeles is not at its saturation point. With new constructions in full swing and a lot of mega projects underway, there is avid supply of Los Angeles houses in the next five years or so. The demand for houses grew since the federal interest rates were cut. This led to a double phenomenon of growing demand as well as growing supply. In terms of economics, this leads to high equilibrium prices but the equilibrium quantity depends on the magnitude of the increases in demand and supply. In the case of Los Angeles houses, the demand has grown more than the supply. Therefore, many â€Å"well-price† houses are still selling. However, in the long-run this is a bubble-burst situation. There is a high possibility of the home prices in Los Angeles bursting out of reach of the average buyer. This bubble could continue to grow till there is a shift in Federal interest rates. This could happen by the end of 2008 or at the beginning of 2009. Till then, I would expect house prices to continue growing at a fast pace while supply would be consolidated. Therefore, then I would expect the price bubble to burst by the beginning of 2009, or due to a major change in monetary policy by the Fed. Bibliography How Low will Los Angeles Home Prices Go? City-Data. com. 4 July 2008 http://www. city-data. com/forum/california/137609-how-low-will-california-home-prices-3. html.

Survival in The Bean Trees Essay -- Barbara Kingsolver The Bean Trees

Survival in The Bean Trees In 1859, Charles Darwin published his most famous work, On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection (Encarta 96). This book explained Darwin's theory of natural selection, a process not unlike separating the wheat from the chaff, where the least fit are eliminated, and only the fittest survive. An extension of this theory known as Social Darwinism emerged in the late 19th century. "Social Darwinists believed that people, like animals and plants, compete for survival and, by extension, success in life" (Encarta 96). Under this theory, the individuals who acquire the power and wealth are deemed the fittest, while those of lower economic and social levels are considered the least fit (Griffin Lecture). This appears to be a theory that Barbara Kingsolver sets out to disprove in her novel The Bean Trees. In a review in The Women's Review of Books, Margaret Randall observes that this is a novel not about "middle-class America, but real middle America, the unemployed and unde remployed, the people working fast-food joints or patching tires, Oklahoma Indians, young mothers left by wandering husbands or mothers who never had husbands" (Randall 1). Ultimately, it is about survivors -- women such as Taylor Greer who sets out from Kentucky to find a better life and finds responsibility for another life; Mattie whose survival is wrapped up in her role as savior to all in need who enter Jesus Is Lord Used Tires; Lou Ann Ruiz who is afraid of life and in need of finding her strength; and Esperanza whose child was taken from her in a political struggle and who needs to find the will to live -- who pool their resources, both financial and emotional. These women have courage, humor and each other, resou... ...nd in strength, and they do survive. Works Cited Butler, Jack. "She Hung the Moon and Plugged in All the Stars." The New York Times Book Review. April 10, 1988: 15. FitzGerald, Karen. "A Major New Talent." Ms. XVI.10 (1988): 28. Griffin, Joan. Lecture. English 3230. Metropolitan State College, Denver. 7 Oct.1999. Gale Literary Databases: Contemporary Authors. "Barbara Kingsolver." 11 November 1999: 3. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/GLD..&n=10&1 =d&NA=Kingsolver%2C+barbara Kingsolver, Barbara. The Bean Trees. New York: HarperPerennial, 1992. Kingsolver, Barbara. Letter. Contemporary Literary Criticism Yearbook. Vol. 55. (1988): 68. Randall, Margaret. "Human Comedy." The Women's Review of Books. V.8 (1988): 1. "Social Darwinism." Microsoft Encarta96 Encyclopedia. CD ROM. Microsoft Corporation. 1995.

Comparison between the South Asia and East Asia during WW1 Essay

In the twentieth century, WWI was a political tornado of change, sweeping over the entire world, augmenting everything in its path. Although the Allied and Axis powers were affected the most by WWI, East Asia and South Asia were also transformed as well, through considerable social and political reform. In East Asia, China was the country outside of the Allied and Axis powers affected the most in WWI, through the creation of the Chinese Communist Party. After WWI was over, the Treaty of Versailles transferred all German holdings in East Asia, including those in China, to Japan. To China, this was an outrageous offense. Although China certainly didn’t enjoy Germany owning part of their land, to have their worst enemy, Japan, owning it would be positively loathsome. A demonstration broke out in Beijing in protest over Versailles. After being defeated by both Japan and the West, China had enough humiliation and demanded social reform. It was then that Mao Zedong came forth and established the Chinese Communist Party. Although the Nationalists would crush the Communists efforts to overthrow the government, the Communist Party would eventually return and take control, changing China forever, because of the outcomes of WWI. In South Asia, India was affected by WWI through the heightened support of the Indian Nationalist movement. When England forced their colony India to support the war effort, the Indians complied, and the Nationalist movement remained dormant during the war. After WWI was over, most of the world saw Europe as a time bomb of conflict, and this combined with the oppressive efforts to force Indian soldiers into the war cause the Indian Nationalist movement to return full force. Intellectuals like Gandhi appeared with ideas as to what a post colonial India would look like, and almost everyone in India, Muslims and Hindus alike, could agree they wanted England out. Soon, England complied with India’s cries for independence and simply pulled out of South Asia. After discordant internal conflicts, India finally stabilized, with its independence intact, because of the outcomes of WWI. WWI changed the world forever and left many problems unsolved that would return again more forceful than before. In China and India, WWI provoked  social and political reform, but the two outcomes were very different. India gained its independence and set up a Western-style democracy, whereas China would eventually be ravished by the tormenting policies and killing-spree of Mao Zedong. Both India and China were directly affected by the outcomes of WWI.

Reaction Paper for “The Count of Monte Cristo” Essay

The movie The Count of Monte Cristo has a lot of similarities with El Filibusterismo. It tells the life story of Rizal and delves on a society of conspiracy and injustices. It shows us the effect of being innocent and uneducated. It made me realize the very big importance of education in our lives. Edmund Dantes, the main character of the movie, is faced with so much conflict and suffered for a long time in prison because of his traitor friend and unconsciously being the carrier of the dangerous letter of Napoleon Bonaparte. Edmund doesn’t know how to read and write that’s why he wasn’t able to know the content of the letter which was then a plan of rebellion by Bonaparte. He lost his trust in God after what had happened to him because he thought that God was never there when he needed help and justice. When his priest friend died, he had the chance to escape. After escaping, he traveled to the island of Monte Cristo to find the treasure. He considered his fortune as a gift from God. After finding the treasure, he went back to Marseilles and disguised himself as an Italian priest. He used the treasure to punish those people who have hurt him and made his life miserable. The movie gave me a new perspective of vengeance which is never meant for self-fulfillment but for the good of everybody. We don’t have to put the justice in our hands, rather ask it from God and wait patiently because everything happens for a reason just have faith in Him. The movie also inspired me to work harder in my studies because education is a gift that cannot be taken by anyone from you, and it is the key for a brighter and successful future.

Literary Analysis of Bartleby the Scrivener Essay Essay Example

Literary Analysis of Bartleby the Scrivener Essay Essay Example Literary Analysis of Bartleby the Scrivener Essay Paper Literary Analysis of Bartleby the Scrivener Essay Paper Essay Topic: Bartleby the Scrivener Benito Cereno Jorge Borges Short Stories Bartleby the Scrivener could be described as a narrative about acquiring rid of its rubric character. about the narrator’s effort to acquire rid of Bartleby. and Bartleby’s retentive capacity to be ever at that place. It is the narrative of an nameless attorney and his employee. Bartleby. a scribe of jurisprudence paperss. Confronted non merely with Bartleby’s refusal to make work ( first to â€Å"read† transcripts against the original. so to copy wholly ) . but besides with the contagious nature of the peculiar words of his refusal ( Bartleby’s peculiar â€Å"I would prefer non to† ) . the storyteller concludes that. before Bartleby â€Å"turns the tongues† any further of those with whom he comes into contact. he â€Å"must acquire rid of† Bartleby. At the same clip Bartleby feels â€Å"mobbed in his privacy† ( 27 ) when the other office workers crowd him behind his screen. they in bend are invaded by his idiosyncrasy – his private parlance â€Å"prefer. † Bartleby’s presence interruptions down the clear differentiations between public and private. professional and domestic. between â€Å"privacy† and â€Å"the rabble. † By nailing Bartleby as the â€Å"cause† of infective linguistic communication ( linguistic communication â€Å"turned† bad ) . the storyteller wants to halt the class of a procedure ( the â€Å"turning of tongues† ) already in advancement. But acquiring rid of Bartleby is every bit slippery as acquiring rid of a chronic status ; the storyteller emphasizes a phrase which appears textually in italics: â€Å"he was ever there† ( 20 ) . Bartleby is. as the storyteller calls him. a â€Å"nuisance† ( 40 ) . an â€Å"intolerable incubus. † As a character in the narrative with a organic structure. he moves really small. but the few words he speaks interrupt out at unexpected minutes in the office. Every effort the storyteller makes to command the inactive Bartleby and his infective linguistic communication fails uproariously ( Schehr 97 ) . The storyteller experiences a funny tenseness between the impossible jussive mood ( on the degree of the narrative ) to acquire rid of the topic. and the impossibleness ( on the degree of the narrative ) to compose his complete life ( Bartleby’s â€Å"history† ) . Therefore. Bartleby is besides a fable about composing history or life. In trying to compose what he thinks of as Bartleby’s life. the storyteller simply misnames his authorship undertaking. or he emphasizes it from the incorrect point of position. In hunt of Bartleby’s beginnings. the storyteller does non merely narrate ( as he thinks ) the history of Bartleby the Scrivener ; he relates instead the narrative of his ain anxiousness vis-a-vis Bartleby. In peculiar. he relates his anxiousness over the scrivener’s silence – and manners of interrupting that silence ; for we could state that. instead than talking really small or in peculiar ways. Bartleby has peculiar ways of on occasion interrupting silence. It is this force in address. this unexpected eruption. which the storyteller frights. The storyteller. whose familiarities describe him as an â€Å"eminently safe adult male. † who likes nil better than the â€Å"cool repose of a cubby retreat† ( 4 ) . is thrown unquestionably off kelter when faced with what he footings Bartleby’s â€Å"passive resistance† ( 17 ) . Bartleby’s arm is his entire indifference to truth. whereas the storyteller seeks a 2nd sentiment on truth from the other office couples. Bartleby could be seen as the one solid block around which the storyteller writes his ain narrative about truth instead than the truth about the Bartleby narrative. Bartleby’s inactive opposition really generates the narrative - confronted with it. the storyteller creates theories ( his philosophy of premises. for case ) . carries on arguments with himself. and seeks the advocate of others - all with the opaque Bartleby as the nucleus. In retracing Bartleby’s narrative. the storyteller follows an inexplicit logic which he neer straight states. It is the logic of cause and consequence. ( He is non intentionally concealing this logic. but because he takes its cogency for granted. he neer remarks on it critically. ) Believing in the possibility of happening a particular. locatable. and nameable cause to Bartleby’s status ( as he is able to make with the other office workers. Childs and Turkey. whose tempers vary harmonizing to their diets and the clip of twenty-four hours ) . the storyteller thinks that by eliminating the cause of the job. he can change the effects. the effects of Bartleby’s talking status in the office infinite. McCall follows the same logic as the storyteller in seeking causes of Bartleby’s behaviour. He mentions comment that when the storyteller asks Bartleby to run an errand for him at the station office. â€Å"that is likely the last topographic point. if the rumour is right. that Bartleby would of all time desire to travel. † ( McCall 129 ) . The storyteller neer considers that his line of concluding might be defective - that Bartleby’s status may non be linked to a particular. locatable. nameable cause. We as readers may be placed in the same place as the storyteller in that we neer know either the beginning of Bartleby’s status ; we witness chiefly its effects. or symptoms. in the narrative. These symptoms reside non merely in Bartleby as single character. but in the very manner the storyteller tells the narrative about that character. Rather than talking about the cause of Bartleby’s status. one could more competently talk about the ways in which its effects are spread to other characters within the text. When the storyteller impatiently biddings Bartleby to fall in and assist the others in the scenario of group reading. Bartleby responds. â€Å"I would prefer non to† ( 14 ) . Hearing this response the storyteller turns â€Å"into a pillar of salt† ( 14 ) . ( Faced with Bartleby’s responses and sheer presence. the storyteller oftentimes evokes images of his losing. so waking to. consciousness. ) When he recovers his senses. he tries to ground with Bartleby. who in the interim has retreated behind his screen. The storyteller says: â€Å"These are your ain transcripts we are about to analyze. It is labour salvaging to you. because one scrutiny will reply for your four documents. It is common use. Every scribe is bound to assist analyze his transcript. Is it non so? Will you non talk? Answer! † ( 15 ) The storyteller is exasperated when Bartleby does non react instantly to the logic behind his work ethic. â€Å"These are your ain transcripts we are about to analyze. It is labour salvaging to you. † Examining or reading transcript is a money salvaging activity. from which every member of the office net incomes ( four paperss for the monetary value of one reading! ) . â€Å"Every scribe is bound to assist analyze his transcript. † To the contract the attorney decidedly demands from his employee. a bond based on an exchange of reading. Bartleby replies three times. gently. â€Å"in a flutelike tone. † â€Å"I ( would ) prefer non to† ( 15 ) . By declining to read transcript. Bartleby refuses to accept to the economic system of the office. It is possibly merely to another type of reading. one non based on a system of exchange and net income. which Bartleby consents. Although the storyteller says he has neer seen Bartleby reading - â€Å"not even a newspaper† ( 24 ) - he does frequently notice him gazing outside the window of the office onto a brick wall. Gazing at the dead brick wall ( in what the storyteller calls Bartleby’s â€Å"dead-wall reveries† ) may be Bartleby’s lone signifier of reading. taking the topographic point of the economy-based reading demanded of him in the procedure of verifying transcripts. About midway through the narrative. the lawyer/narrator visits his office on a Sunday forenoon and. detecting a cover. soap and towel. a few crumbs of ginger nuts and a morsel of cheese. deduces that the copyist neer leaves the office. Recognizing the full impact of Bartleby’s status. he states. What I saw that forenoon persuaded me that the copyist was the victim of innate and incurable upset. ( 25 ) The storyteller clearly locates the upset in Bartleby. Sing himself in the function of diagnostician and therapist. he himself is faced with the â€Å"hopelessness of rectifying inordinate and organic ill† ( 24 ) . The narrator’s concern about an single medical remedy should more competently be a concern about an obsessively private rhetorical argument or a perilously idiomatic group contagious disease ( Perry 409 ) . Despite his premise that Bartleby is incurable. or possibly exactly because he can consequence no remedy. the storyteller beleaguers himself throughout the narrative with inquiries or bids to make something about Bartleby ( McCall 9 ) . If the private man’s upset can be passed on to another ( one ) individual. what happens when the status is let loose out of close quarantine into the public infinite of the office? Bartleby walks a unstable tightrope between comedy and calamity ( Inge 25 ) . The tragic dimension frequently resides in the narrator’s turning inward on himself ( a kind of tragic compaction ) . so seting himself on test. an interior minute of accusal which finally consequences in the prostration of the narrative in a individual suspiration or exclaiming ( â€Å"Ah. Bartleby! Ah. humanity! † 46 ) . The amusing effects are frequently related to the autocratic effort ( and failure ) to incorporate the spread of parlance as contagious disease ( Perry 412 ) . If Bartleby has been a figure for calamity in the lone speculation of the storyteller. he becomes a figure for comedy in his contact with his office mates Nippers and Turkey. The more the storyteller tries to modulate the contact between the three. the more screaming - and significantly out of control - is Bartleby’s influence. The attempt to incorporate or command tends really to advance the epidemic proportions of the narrative. It is the storyteller himself who uses a vocabulary of contagious disease in relation to Bartleby. He says he has had â€Å"more than ordinary contact† ( 3 ) with other copyists he has known. Bartleby exceeds this already extraordinary contact – he has been touched by â€Å"handling† dead letters ( Schehr 99 ) . Some critics reproduce the narrator’s linguistic communication of contagious disease in speaking about Bartleby. McCall. in his survey on The Silence of Bartleby. depict â€Å"our† response. the corporate readers’ response. to reading the narrative: As we go through the narrative. we watch with a certain delight how Bartleby is â€Å"catching. † We root for the spread of the bug. ( 145 ) In a slightly less delighted vena. Borges says. â€Å"Bartleby’s frank nihilism contaminates his comrades and even the impassive adult male who tells Bartleby’s narrative. † ( Borges 8 ) In the office scenes where the employees and foreman semen necessarily together. the â€Å"bug† word is Bartleby’s â€Å"prefer. † Nippers uses it jeeringly against the storyteller as a transitive action verb when he overhears Bartleby’s words of refusal to the narrator’s supplication â€Å"to be a small sensible. † Bartleby reverberations. â€Å"At present I would prefer non to be a small reasonable† ( 26 ) . If Nippers is enduring from his ain peculiar and chronic status of dyspepsia. he takes on the symptoms of Bartleby’s status when he exclaims to the storyteller. Prefer non. eh? †¦ – I’d prefer him. if I were you sir. I’d prefer him ; I’d give him penchants. the obstinate mule! What is it. sir. pray. that he prefers non to make now? ( 26 ) Whereas subsequently in the narrative the storyteller wholly loses his critical accomplishment to â€Å"catch† himself in his address. in this exchange he is still able to joint the consequence Bartleby’s â€Å"word† is holding on him. He notes uneasily. Somehow. of late. I had got into the manner of involuntarily utilizing the word ‘prefer’ upon all kinds of non precisely suited occasions. ( 27 ) It is this qualifier â€Å"not exactly† which is of peculiar involvement. Bartleby’s usage of words is â€Å"not exactly† incorrect. â€Å"Prefer† is so insidious because it is merely somewhat awry. dislocated. idiosyncratic. As McCall accurately notes about the power of Bartleby’s â€Å"I prefer non to. † â€Å"one must hear. in the small silence that follows it. how the line delivers two contradictory significances. stubbornness and niceness. â€Å" ( 152 ) The line calls merely adequate attending to itself so as to pull others to its â€Å"profoundly assorted message† ( â€Å"its perfect yes and no† ) in an imitative manner ( McCall 152 ) . â€Å"Prefer† is as inobtrusive. as contagious. and every bit radical as a sneezing. The storyteller lets it out of his oral cavity involuntarily. When Turkey enters the scene and uses the bug word without recognizing it ( without Nippers’ italicized lampoon or the narrator’s critical remarks ) . the storyteller says to him. in a â€Å"slightly excited† tone. â€Å"So you have got the word. too† ( 27 ) . In this polar sentence. the verb â€Å"get† implies â€Å"to receive† ( as in â€Å"to receive a word or message† ) . but more strikingly for our treatment here. it implies the verb â€Å"to catch† – one â€Å"catches† the word as one would â€Å"catch† a cold. The storyteller attempts to supervise the contagious disease by calling the bug and indicating it out to the others. But the word mocks everyone’s will to command it â€Å"prefer† pops up six times in the following half a page - four times unconsciously in the address of one of the employees. and twice consciously ( modified by â€Å"word† ) in the narrative of the attorney. Bartleby could be described as a narrative of the familiarity – or anxiousness – a attorney feels for the law-copyist he employs. The storyteller arranges a screen in the corner of his office behind which Bartleby may work. Pleased with the agreement of puting Bartleby behind the screen in close propinquity to his ain desk. the storyteller provinces. â€Å"Thus. in a mode. privateness and society were conjoined† ( 12 ) . The storyteller idealizes the possibility of a perfect harmoniousness between privateness and community in the work environment. but it is exactly the struggle between these two spatial â€Å"conditions† which generates the narrative. specifying non merely Bartleby’s â€Å"idiocy. † but the narrator’s every bit good. The storyteller most characteristically brushs Bartleby â€Å"emerging from his retreat† ( 13 ) or â€Å"retiring into his hermitage† ( 26 ) . The screen isolates Bartleby from the position of the storyteller. but non from his voice. Borges. Jorge Luis. â€Å"Prologue to Herman Melville’s ‘Bartleby† in Herman Melville’s Billy Budd. â€Å"Benito Cereno. † â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener. † and Other Tales. erectile dysfunction. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1987 Inge. Thomas M. . erectile dysfunction. Bartleby the Inscrutable. Hamden. Connecticut: Archon Books. 1979. McCall. Dan. The Silence of Bartleby. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1989. Melville. Herman. â€Å"Billy Budd† and Other Stories. New York: Penguin Books. 1986. Perry. Dennis R. â€Å"‘Ah. Humanity’ : Compulsion Neurosiss in Melville’s Bartleby. † Studies in Short Fiction 23. 4 ( autumn 1987 ) : 407-415. Schehr. Lawrence R. â€Å"Dead Letterss: Theories of Writing in Bartleby the Scrivener† Enclitic seven. cubic decimeter ( spring 1983 ) : 96-103.

Biology Homework Help Resources

Biology Homework Help Resources Biology, the study of life, can be fascinating and wondrous. However, certain biology topics can sometimes seem incomprehensible. The best way to get a clear understanding of difficult biology concepts is to study them at home, as well as at school. Students should use quality biology homework help resources when studying. Below are some good resources and information to help you answer some of your biology homework questions. Key Takeaways Biology homework and assignments can be difficult to understand. Always make sure to avail yourself of all available resources so that you can succeed.Your instructor, fellow students, and tutors can be invaluable to help make sure that you get clarification on concepts that you dont understand.Understanding key biological concepts like cell processes, DNA, and genetics are helpful in understanding some of the foundations of biology.Use sample biology quizzes and online resources to test your grasp of biology concepts. Biology Homework Help Resources Anatomy of the HeartLearn about this amazing organ that supplies blood to the entire body. Animal TissuesInformation on the structure and function of animal tissue types. Bio-Word DissectionsLearn how to dissect difficult biology words  so that they are easy to understand. Brain BasicsThe brain is one of the largest and most important organs of the human body. Weighing in at about three pounds, this organ has a wide range of responsibilities. Characteristics of LifeWhat are  the basic characteristics of life? How To Study for Biology Exams Biology exams can seem intimidating and overwhelming. The key to overcoming these obstacles is preparation. Learn how to do well on your biology test. Organ SystemsThe human body is made up of several  organ systems  that work together as one unit. Learn about these systems and how they work together. The Magic of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis is a process in which light energy is used to produce sugar and other organic compounds. Cells Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic CellsTake a journey into the cell to find out about the cell structure and classification of both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Cellular RespirationCellular respiration is the process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food. Differences Between Plant and Animal CellsPlant and animal cells are similar in that both are eukaryotic cells. However, there are several important differences between these two cell types. Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the earliest and most primitive forms of life on earth. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaeans. 10 Different Types of Cells in the Human Body The body contains trillions of cells that come in varying shapes and sizes. Explore some of the different types of cells in the body. 7 Differences Between Mitosis and MeiosisCells divide either through the process of mitosis or meiosis. Sex cells are produced through meiosis, while all other body cell types are produced through mitosis. DNA Processes Steps of DNA ReplicationDNA replication is the process of copying the DNA within our cells. This process involves RNA and several enzymes, including DNA polymerase and primase. How Does DNA Transcription Work?DNA transcription is a process that involves the transcribing of genetic information from DNA to RNA. Genes are transcribed in order to produce proteins. Translation and Protein SynthesisProtein synthesis is accomplished through a process called translation. In translation, RNA and ribosomes work together to produce proteins. Genetics Genetics GuideGenetics is the study of  inheritance  or  heredity. This guide helps you to understand  basic genetics principles. Why We Look Like Our ParentsHave you ever wondered why you have the same eye color as your parent? Traits are inherited by the transmission of genes from parents to their young. What Is Polygenic Inheritance?Polygenic inheritance is the inheritance of traits such as skin color, eye color and hair color, that are determined by more than one gene. How Gene Mutation OccursA gene mutation is any change that occurs in the DNA. These changes can be beneficial to, have some effect on, or be seriously detrimental to an organism. What Traits Are Determined by Your Sex Chromosomes?Sex-linked traits originate from genes found on sex chromosomes. Hemophilia is an example of a common sex-linked disorder that is an X-linked recessive trait. Quizzes Cellular Respiration QuizCellular respiration allows cells to harvest the energy in the foods we eat. Test your knowledge of cellular respiration by taking this quiz! Genetics and Heredity QuizDo you know the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance? Test your knowledge of genetics by taking the Genetics and Heredity Quiz! How Much Do You Know About Mitosis?In mitosis, the nucleus from a cell is divided equally between two cells. Test your knowledge of mitosis and cell division by taking the Mitosis Quiz! Getting Additional Help The above information provides a basic foundation for various biology topics. If you find that you still have problems understanding the material, dont be afraid to request assistance from an instructor or tutor. They can help clarify concepts so that you can gain a deeper understanding of biological concepts.

Report from a show in TV channel (U.S.) such as Oparah, and make an Essay

Report from a show in TV channel (U.S.) such as Oparah, and make an introduction about the show and drop down all the commercials and count for the minutes - Essay Example A prize that began at two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, which steadily increases as the couples show how much they know each other. For examples, the wives we given ten changes, and for every change the husband noticed, a thousand dollars was added to the pot of money. By the end of each episode, one couple is voted off with the mandated tearful goodbye and the original seven couples continually dwindle until one will obtain a nest egg to kick-start their lives. For an hour-long reality show there were a total of seven commercials that lasted a total of sixteen minutes and twenty-seven seconds. The first commercial was from Sprint advertising their new Palm Centro, for two minutes and ten seconds, where a older gentleman discussed how life went to fast and there was no time for communication, while couples were shown in the background using the phone, smiling faces on all. Next was an advertisement from Epsilon discussing their groundbreaking printer, which is presented by a young couple who had just gone to an electronics store in search of a printer given theirs was not producing quality photographs while they were scrap booking.

President Bush Faces His Own Storm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

President Bush Faces His Own Storm - Essay Example In fact, nearly every post-hurricane project the President described hinges on a degree of federal involvement not seen in roughly 30 years. Even before the Aug. 29 hurricane devastated many areas along the Gulf Coast, the President's approval ratings were at an all-time low, largely because of Iraq, fuel prices and the economy. In the initial days after Katrina, Mr. Bush's hesitancy to act and apparent insensitivity to the plight of people too poor to evacuate dismayed even Republicans, especially candidates in congressional races next year. Comparatively, Hurricane Katrina is a different kind of crisis for a president already tested by terrorist attacks on American soil and wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The immensity of this calamity has overwhelmed even the federal government. Bush faced not only the hurricane's aftermath, but the public perceptions formed by round-the-clock television coverage and the political pressures that follow. His wrong decisions blew the tops of people and ultimately gathered blame because of the government's laxity and slow paced disaster relief operations. Some even say that the disaster might not have been this "disastrous" if the government made proactive efforts to prevent all the damages. However, a reversal of President Bush's reaction, as he admitted responsibility on the devastation of Hurricane Katrina, is exemplary on his part.

College is a Waste of Time and Money by Caroline Bird Essay

College is a Waste of Time and Money by Caroline Bird - Essay Example The paper tells that the views and structure of the article â€Å"College is a Waste of Time and Money† by Caroline Bird are truly bound to their senses having conveyed in the author’s statement â€Å"college is the dumbest investment you can make† . That should suffice to proceed without contesting the majority in the general public who would at any time be disposed to argue â€Å"that is downright true and how can a regressed economy running scarce with job creators ever address the fresh yields of the academe, the new brood of the first-time bloodthirsty job hunters?† However, while Bird commits to this type of sentiments in her period which are presently felt as well and expresses sold-out support for the abolition of college, does it ever occur to her to ponder on how the world would look with money-driven human beings who act, talk, treat, and think like some crazy engine for dough all the time? For one, having thought ahead of the possible scenarios with that and what the author would most likely feel about each of them, he is rather afraid of acquiring much trouble in coping with that kind of future Bird insists in her sphere of change and investments. Apparently, she is quite significantly concerned with the keen reality experienced via the inverse proportionality that exists between finishing college and the hard-to-settle issue of unemployment than the core essence of tertiary education itself. Perhaps we ought to guide her perception to veer off at examining and modifying the curriculum instead of rationalizing â€Å"If high-school graduates don’t want to go, or if they don’t want to go right away, they may perceive more clearly than their elders that college is not for them† in a tone of complaint. The concept of further education is never unwise and if our main problem lies on the reluctant attitude of most 18-year-olds toward college, this can be neutralized or put to balance by focusing on the man ner educators are supposed to work on tools or techniques of fostering a stimulating atmosphere for the students. We can opt herein to find hope and realize that exploring beyond the conventional academic realm enables studying individuals to learn the remarkable key to versatile potentials and thereby gain opulent interest on succeeding with the targeted growth in both professional and economic goals as they stay in school prior. Bird primarily communicates her findings that â€Å"A great majority of our nine million college students are not in school because they want to be or because they want to learn – They are there because it has become the thing to do† (1975). Of course, we have widely known the ever-prevailing behavior among youth in transition from secondary level as such since we have gone through the stage and somehow managed to comprehend all the frailties and unpleasant feelings thereof. This we can acknowledge, nevertheless, as a normal phase of life where immaturity inevitably combines with confusion and curiosity due to the so-called ‘identity crisis’ which naturally places a young person to a state of random inquisition, denial, rebellion, and repulsion of moral discipline. Whether in and out of the academe, this condition lives as a fact and may not be prevented from happening so it would be irrational to tolerate the reasoning that college alone is responsible ju st because the 18-year-olds are being forced into a challenge or something they are not prepared yet considering which, they must thus be allowed the freedom to decide for themselves as Bird proposes. After conducting scholarly studies and interviews, Bird is eventually brought to conclude that â€Å"students are sad because they are not needed ... there is no room for so many newly minted 18-year-olds –

Cheating and Taking Steroids in Sports

Cheating and Taking Steroids in Sports INTRODUCTION Sports will either be a school of virtue or a school of vice, and thats why the epidemic of cheating in professional sports is, and ought to be, a huge cultural concern. Sports, at every level, is supposed to be a training ground for virtue, to mould the character of athletes, coaches and supporters so that they may learn lessons that may help them to achieve off-the-field as much as on. In few other venues are people able to learn as effectively the good habits of perseverance through difficulties, teamwork, striving to overcome obstacles, the importance of preparation and practice, and the courtesy and class we call good sportsmanship. But the field, court, track, diamond, rink, pool and roadway can also cultivate vice, when results become more important than virtue, when winning becomes more important than winning fairly. It has been hard to open a sports page recently without reading something to do with cheating and its consequences. Recently encountered readings include Bill Belichick and the clear contravention of the NFLs videotaping policy; Patriots Safety Rodney Harrison and his suspension for taking an illegal substances; NBA referee Tim Donaghy and his expulsion for betting on games he was officiating; Barry Bonds and his tainted home run record, along with former heroes turned synthetic pseudo-supermen Jason Giambi, Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa, Rafael Palmeiro; Floyd Landis suspect yellow jersey and the expulsion of what seemed to be half this years Tour de France participants for blood doping and other violations; WWE icon Chris Benoit and his steroid-induced murderous-suicidal rage; various college recruiting violations, Olympic scandals and much more. Professional boxing almost looks clean and honest by comparison. WHY DO THEY CHEAT Sports are a microcosm and stylization of life: goal-setting, preparation, effort, character, the integration of mind and body, competition, success and failure. Its all there in sports, distilled and intensified into a few hours experience. The usual answer is that cheaters have so strong a desire to win that they will strive to do so at all costs. Cheaters do have a desire to win, but by the time we are adults we know that a cheated victory is hollow. An adult cheater knows that he has not won through skill and effort, and he knows he will not experience the pride that comes from a genuine win. The only thing the cheater is left with is that he knows that other people will believe that he won and he will reap the value of their enhanced esteem. So heres a hypothesis about the psychology of cheaters: Cheating is not motivated by a desire to win, but by wanting to be thought of by others as having won. Cheating is a kind of social metaphysics-what others believe is true is more important than what is actually true. Another possibility is that the cheater knows the above-that a cheated win is hollow-but in the short run his intense desire to win crowds out his knowledge. So cheating is a failure to hold the context of why one is playing sports: strong desire overwhelms the cheaters knowledge, or through weakness of will the cheater ignores his knowledge to indulge the desire. Cheating in a financial context: You cheat not because you want the win but because you want the money that comes with the winCheating in a social context: You cheat because you dont want your teammates to lose or because you want your teammates to have the win they wantCon-man cheating: You cheat just for the pleasure of pulling off a scamCheating that is malevolent: You want to see your opponent suffer a loss, so you dont care that the win is hollow-you enjoy knowing the other guy is hurting and/or that you deprived him of the experience of winning WHAT ARE STEROIDS Steroids are manufactured testosterone-like drugs that are usually taken to build muscle, enhance performance, and improve appearance. While some steroids are used medically to treat many conditions including asthma, chronic lung disease, skin conditions and allergic reactions such as poison ivy, non medical use of steroids can have serious side effects. Using steroids for cosmetic or athletic purposes is not sanctioned in the United States. Method of Use Swallowed in tablets or liquid or injected. Users take them in patterns called cycling, which means they take them over a specific period of time, stop, and then start taking them again instead of continuously using them. Many users also take different types of steroids in combination with other drugs. This is known as stacking. Signs and Symptoms of Steroid Use Steroid abusers often exhibit the following symptoms: Rapid weight gain Rapid muscle development Acne flare up Fluid retention Yellow tint in the eyes and on skin (jaundice) Mood swings, depression Aggressive behaviour Premature balding Drug Test Detection Oral steroids can be found in your system up to several weeks after use. Injected steroids can be found for several months after use. Short-term Consequences Use of steroids can increase muscle mass, strength, and endurance, but can also cause liver tumors, jaundice, water retention, and high blood pressure. Some users show bad judgment because the drugs make them feel invincible. Other users suffer from uncontrolled aggression and violent behavior called Roid Rage, severe mood swings, manic episodes and depression. They often suffer from paranoid jealousy, extreme irritability and can have delusions. Long-Term Consequences When the body experiences a build up of steroids in its system, conditions such as hypertension, high cholesterol, kidney disease, stunted growth, and heart damage are likely to occur. Women can experience irreversible deepening of the voice, shrinking of the breasts, menstrual irregularities, baldness and hair growth on other parts of the body, and genital swelling. Men can experience baldness, breast enlargement, sterility, shrinking of testicles and impotence. Steroids such as prednisone and other synthetic steroids can cause a rise in blood sugar by blocking the effect of insulin. Over time, users can develop diabetes. WHY TAKING STEROIDS CONSIDERED CHEATING Steroids give some players an unfair competitive advantage over others. But this response stems from the faulty underlying assumption that players have some innate ability or talent which is not dependent upon their environment. In fact, the only way steroids are different from other performance enhancers like protein shakes or nutritional supplements is because their side effects are worse and their performance enhancing effects are large. This efficacy, and the steroid body that goes with it, triggers fans pharmacological Calvinism, the belief that taking a pill for any reason is bad, and leads to the media labelling the steroid culture and users as alien, which are the factors that truly keep steroids on the wrong side of public opinion and MLB policy. The first and most basic reason people view steroids as cheating is because they feel it gives players abilities that they otherwise would not have had. This is the position of every poll or article researched for this essay in the national sports media over the last four years. Again, the signs displayed in Philadelphia are representative. One 60-foot long sign said Babe Ruth did it on Hotdogs and Beer. Aaron did it with class. How did you do it?This question rests on the assumption that Bonds steroid use differentiates him from Aaron and Ruth, who set career home run records without steroids. But to simply say steroids enhancers players performance is easy. The deeper question behind that answer is Why does that matter? That question involves a number of different aspects of what it means to be a baseball fan. First among them, perhaps, is the notion of fairness. The US culture in general holds fairness as one of its central tenets, as part of the Puritan Work ethic and the capitalist ideal: everyone must deal fairly, so everyone has their shot to succeed if they work hard enough. That ideal is held to as strongly in baseball as any other sport. The problem with steroids, then, is not just that users have an unfair advantage over non-users. Widespread steroid use limits the free choice of non-users, because if they want to make a living they are almost forced to start taking injections, and having to deal with the side effects. This is called free choice under pressure by Thomas Murray (as reported by Peter Kramer). Theres no question, then, that the more players use steroids, the harder it is for others to stay clean. What are the implications of that for players, and what are players responses? At the physical level, this spiral of steroids forces players to endure the side effects of steroids when they otherwise might not. At the level of consciousness, players have their free choice limited by steroid-fuelled competition, and free choice is also something this country values. Players respond to these concerns by claiming that steroid use supports American values. For example, a value much appreciated in sports is the desire to win above all else. Players that have that desire, like Michael Jordan in basketball, are often revered. So a baseball player might argue that he simply wants to win at all cost, even sacrificing his body to steroids to win. Just because another, non-user does not want to win enough to take steroids, that doesnt mean the user should be punished for it. There are other problems with the argument that using steroids is cheating because they give a competitive advantage. The biggest fault with it is that steroids are not the only thing in baseball that gives a competitive advantage when there was none before. Revenue and payroll differences and environmental factors like the skill of the training staff and the quality of the facilities can cause unfair competitive advantages between teams and players as well, but those discrepancies are considered part of the game. The responses to this argument are that taking a substance is fundamentally different from working out more or on better facilities because you do not have to work as hard to get the same results as someone not on steroids. But some players use a good diet to get into better shape, or take legal supplements to make their workouts more effective. This is exactly the way steroids work they help to build muscle faster in conjunction with exercise and weightlifting, so those t hat work out the most are going to get the most out of steroids. Should the MLB disallow all possible supplements and mandate player diet and workout regimens to eliminate the possible advantage? Ultimately, you cannot justify getting rid of steroids because they give a competitive advantage, because baseball operates by identifying and using competitive advantages. Despite the arguments above, most people would remain convinced that taking steroids was cheating. There are three primary reasons: One is the notion of pharmacological Calvinism, two is the influence of the press on public perception of steroids, and three is the labelling of drugs in general and those who take them as alien. These are the real reasons that taking steroids in baseball is considered cheating today. Pharmacological Calvinism is the belief that taking a pill or drug is morally wrong, because hard work, suffering and pain are essential parts of human existence. The concept figures prominently in Kramers discussion of Prozac as a way of explaining the publics response to the drug, and the same can be said of fans and baseball players. This phenomenon can be seen in baseball lingo: someone who is clean is someone who is off steroids. This terminology might come from the MLB policies, but it probably comes from larger drug culture, and reflects the idea that even though it is tough to argue against steroids ideologically, there is still a taint to taking steroids, the sense that a player who takes them has lost some purity they might have off steroids. This also might be why players like Jose Canseco are ridiculed and reviled when they talk about steroids being the standard throughout the league: they are deliberately taking a stance against pharmacological Calvinism, and so automati cally people hearing them want to reject the idea without listening to their analysis, which often is more logical than people care to admit. Another effect of pharmacological Calvinism is that news reporters looking to cover steroids automatically assume a negative stance towards them, although that is also influenced by the dangerous side effects. Sports journalism is very pervasive. Every fan has to get their scores and results from somewhere, often on a daily basis. Sports fans also tend to spend a lot of time discussing sports, so ideas and opinions they read get discussed and argued about in their social circle. The final reason steroids are considered cheating is because they work so well. And because they work so well, and so many ballplayers used them, the build of a user, his problems and habits, became commonly known and looked for. What is more, because of the negative press steroids got, fans were able to label them an other to dismiss steroids users as people holding alien values without really looking or considering how they might be motivated by the same things as regular fans. This can be shown by the massive amount of jokes about big heads, small balls, a common side effect of steroid use, and the vehemence of the national polls quoted earlier. For fans to say that anyone testing positive should be thrown out of the sport is quite harsh, considering that there are arrests of ballplayers all the time for a variety of other drug use charges and crime, and none of them are thrown out on the first offense. Something that might help explain this position is the legitimate use of stero ids. Steroids are not like nutritional supplements of protein shakes that people might regularly take to get in shape, and they are not petty crimes or drug charges that baseball fans are familiar with or have committed themselves. They are treatments for sick people to help survive treatment, including treatment of diseases like AIDS, which already is somewhat marginalized in mainstream culture. And even in those diseases, steroids are something to avoid if you can. So that makes purposeful steroid users in sports all the more alien. Ultimately, the reason why taking steroids is considered cheating goes back to the chemical properties of steroids themselves: they work too well at helping athletes build muscle, and combined with the countrys pharmacological Calvinism, make for bad press and public perception. This leads fans to consider steroids cheating and justify it by saying steroids give an unfair competitive advantage, when the entire sport of baseball is built on just such advantages. If steroids were less useful, like nutritional supplements today, they would probably be legal, widely used, and just another part of the game, like spitting sunflower seeds. Unfortunately, because of the pressure on athletes who will do anything to succeed, steroids are only going to get more powerful and hard to detect, rather than more benign and legal. But that doesnt mean the steroid scandal wont go away. Already, journalists are trumpeting this baseball season as the post-steroid era. If history is any indication, people will think steroids solved, stop caring, only to be shocked again when the next great and popular surge of offense turns out to be the result of their beloved players using the next generation of performance enhancers. CONCLUSION The recent epidemic of cheating in sports reveals ethical and anthropological dimensions that must be considered if we wish as a culture to eliminate it. The ethical dimensions go far beyond the violation of a particular rule governing a sports league. It goes to one of the bedrock principles of ethics, whether in sports players, coaches and fans believe that a good end never justifies immoral means. In the cases of cheating above, we see that the cheaters think that the end of winning or doing better in competition validates the dishonest means one takes to get there. There are now such enormous financial rewards or losses hinging on sports outcomes that those of lesser character find far greater incentive. The anthropological dimension refers mainly to the means one takes in violation of the ethical principle. Sports cheating today very often involve technological manipulation not just of the rules of the game like with the Patriots spy gate but also of oneself through performance-enhancing drugs. In former days the path to improvement came through practice, coaching, exercise and experience. Now for many it comes through injections, pills and creams. Rather than improving ones skills, one seeks to make himself better, stronger and faster through technology like a modern six million dollar man, or, if you consider the financial incentives for many pro-athletes, a hundred million dollar man. This comes at a huge cost. The death of pro-football player Lyle Alzado and 11 recent professional wrestlers through steroid use is enough of a warning. But we also have to be conscious of the huge temptation it places on all those who, at whatever age, wish to be successful college or profession al athletes who cannot compete on their own with artificially-enhanced peers. References: Sports and Cheating by Fr. Roger J. Landry Why in Baseball using steroids considered cheating? Brian Chase American council for drug education www.acde.org